integral part of the Newtonian revolution in physics, which completely transformed the intel- lectual landscape of the Western world. Born shortly after GalileoΓÇÖs death, Sir Isaac Newton used the motions of the Galilean satellites as an inspiration for and a test of his theories of gravitation and the laws of motion. These ideas set the foundations of modern physics. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and into the twentieth, Jupiter was studied intensely through Earth-based tele- scopes both as an object of interest in its own right and as a sort of natural laboratory for the demonstration of more general physical laws.
A new era in the study of the planet came with the launches of
